System for constructing a semi-prefabricated building

ABSTRACT

The invention relates to a system for constructing a semi-prefabricated building which is formed by a plurality of slabs corresponding to the outer walls ( 2 - 2′ ) and ( 16 - 16′ ),  floor ( 1 ) and roof ( 20 ) of the dwelling. The slabs are molded “in situ” on the construction site itself and the respective erection of the outer slabs ( 2 - 2′ ) and ( 16 - 16′ ) and the lifting of the slab ( 21 ) are carried by means of lifting means ( 5 - 6 ) and ( 5′ - 6′ ) located in the gaps ( 3 - 4 ) and ( 3 ′- 4′ ) and openings ( 21 ) of the outer wall slabs and of the roof slab respectively, they first erect the slabs corresponding to the larger outer walls ( 2 - 2′ ) and then those corresponding to the smaller walls ( 16 - 16′ ) and finally the roof slab ( 31 ) is lifted. The mentioned gaps and openings respectively have anchoring elements ( 7 ) and ( 22 ) for connecting the slabs to the lifting means.

FIELD AND OBJECT OF THE INVENTION

The invention is comprised within the field of building construction andmore specifically to building construction based on semi-prefabricatedconcrete slabs, the type of buildings which could be constructed withthis process would be buildings with small dimensions as single-familydwellings, small warehouses or industrial premises and workshops.

STATE OF THE ART

Different systems for constructing buildings with reduced dimensionsfrom mass concrete are currently known, which concrete is poured informwork plates or molds for its subsequent setting, mainly forming thestructure of the dwelling such as footings, pillars, floorings, etc.

Different systems for constructing buildings from prefabricated concreteslabs are also known which are arranged on the sole or floor of thebuilding to directly form the walls, floor and roof thereof. Said slabsare normally brought already shaped to the building site but in somecases they are molded “in situ”, such slabs are usually formed leavinggaps therein for the windows and doors of the building.

The stowing operations of the mentioned slabs, which have large weights,are normally carried out through expensive installations for liftingthem such as cranes with a considerable size, which must have a largeamount of space in the construction site for their stable locking to theground, having to use auxiliary means such as for example hooks, strapsor similar elements for securing and handling the mentioned slabs duringthe stowing and transport operations thereof. In addition to the highcosts and the large amount of time consumed in the mentioned stowingoperations, accidents usually occur during such operations due to thebreakage of the auxiliary securing elements which can trigger bothpersonal and material losses if the slab falls from a great height, boththe slab itself and the elements of the building being able to becompletely or partially lost.

Due to the above, a need has been detected to provide a process forconstructing the mentioned type of buildings which, starting from simplelifting means for lifting the slabs, achieves that the stowingoperations are highly simple and with a low cost, to that end the use ofa plurality of lifting means fixed to the base or sole of the buildinghas been considered, which means are located in the gaps that the slabshave for the arrangement of windows and doors, anchoring means foranchoring the slab to the mentioned lifting means being arranged in saidgaps, the slabs being lifted and placed in an erect position in acontrolled and highly safe manner.

This objective is achieved by means of the invention as it is defined inclaim 1, the preferred embodiments of the invention are defined in thedependent claims.

DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to a system for constructing asemi-prefabricated building which is formed by a plurality of slabscorresponding to the outer walls, floor and roof of the building, theOuter wall slabs having a plurality of gaps corresponding to the windowsand doors.

The system is characterized in that two of the outer wall slabs arelocated parallel to one another in a horizontal position on the floorslab, one of the sides of each wall being aligned respectively with oneof the parallel edges of the floor slab, lifting means being fixed onthe floor slab, which means have a fixed part and another moving partwith respect to said slab, being located in the gaps of the windows ofthe outer wall slabs and the moving part of said lifting means remainingjoined to anchoring elements located in the mentioned gaps and fixed tothe slabs, the outer wall slabs being lifted due to the lowering thereofwith respect to their lower edge until said slabs are located in anerect position and a support structure subsequently being placed on thegaps of the windows opposing one another of each of the outer wallslabs, which support structure is in turn fixed to both slabs by meansof fixing elements, repeating the described operations for the case ofthe other two outer walls and joining the slabs of the four outer wallsto one another.

Furthermore, the roof slab is located in the gap delimited by the fourouter walls, and supported on the floor slab, which roof slab has aplurality of openings located in coincidence with the position of thelifting means used in the previous steps, the moving part of saidlifting means being joined to anchoring elements located in thementioned openings, the roof slab being lifted to a height above theheight of the outer wall slabs, the roof slab being joined to the upperedge of the slabs of the four outer walls.

In this way, due to simple lifting elements, the walls of the buildingare placed in a vertical position and the roof is lifted quite simply,not being necessary to use expensive lifting means such as cranes.Furthermore, with the described configuration of the system, the samelifting elements can be used to lift both the outer wall slabs and theroof slab.

The outer wall slabs can have at least one gap for the windows.

The lifting means can in turn comprise a plurality of hydraulic jacks,at least one of said hydraulic jacks being locates in at least two ofthe gaps of the windows of the outer wall slabs.

The system can operate with a single lifting element per outer wall slab(a single gap of a window) provided that the weight of the slab is suchthat it is supported by the mentioned hydraulic jacks, in the event thatsaid weight is exceeded, more than one lifting elements must be used foreach slab, its number being determined based on the properties of eachJack and the weight of the slab.

To join the outer wall slabs to one another, at least two metalreinforcing bars in the form of an angle bracket can be used, one ofthem being located on the inner face of the mentioned slabs and theother one on the outer face and being fixed to one another and to thecorresponding slab, subsequently pouring mass concrete.

A stable and safe joining between the slabs of the four outer walls isthus achieved.

The outer wall and roof slabs can have a plurality of pins perpendicularto the joining edges between said slabs, the ends of said pins beingcurved.

With the described shaped and placement of the pins it is achieved thatthe joinings between slabs are more rigid and resistant to the differentstress which the building is subject to.

The pins corresponding to the roof slab can initially be bent and whenthe roof slab is lifted above the upper edge of the outer wall slabs,said rods are straightened.

It is thus possible for the roof slab to fit in the gap left by theslabs of the four outer walls when said roof slab is deposited on thefloor slab, to later, once said roof slab has been lifted, straightensaid pins which will be useful as resistant elements in the joining ofthe roof slab with the outer wall slabs.

The anchoring elements, located in the gaps of the windows of the outerwall slabs and which are connected to the moving part of the liftingmeans, comprise at least one rod having a curved central portion for itsseating on said moving part and the ends of which are joined to the slabin the stage of molding it.

Said rods are useful for hanging the slabs on the moving part of thelifting means, which moving part will have a stem perpendicular to thedirection of movement of said moving part with respect to the fixedpart.

The support structure can further be formed by two parallel bars, oneach of which the fixing elements for fixing the support structure tothe outer wall slabs are located, said joining means comprising twoclamps, one of which is located on the inner face of the wall slab andthe other of which is located on the outer face thereof, respectivethreaded bushings being located after said clamps, which bushings willhave the possibility of being threaded on threaded sections made in eachof the bars.

By means of the mentioned clamps, the support structure and the twoslabs connected by it are aligned and solidly joined to one another,forming in turn a stable structure preventing said slabs from falling tothe ground due to their own weight.

Finally, the reinforcing bars used for joining the roof slab with theouter wall slabs comprise an inner angle bracket and an outer moldprovided on one of its faces with a wavy surface, defining a projectionin the cornice of said roof slab after it is joined to the mentionedouter wall slabs by means of mass concrete.

The integral joining between the roof slab and the outer wall slabs isthus achieved, there being a wavy ending in the cornices of the buildingwhich has a great aesthetic value.

DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

A series of drawings is very briefly described below which aid in betterunderstanding the invention and which are expressly related to severalembodiments of said invention, which are set forth as illustrative andnon-limiting examples thereof.

FIG. 1 shows a perspective view of an example of a building constructedby means of the system object of the present invention.

FIG. 2 shows a plan view of an example of a distribution in which thedifferent rooms of a building constructed by means of the system objectof the present invention can be seen.

FIG. 3 shows an upper plan view of the floor slab and of the two slabscorresponding to two of the parallel outer walls in a first step ofconstructing the building according to a system object of the presentinvention.

FIG. 4 shows a plan view similar to that shown in FIG. 3 for a secondvariant of the system object of the present invention in which the outerwall slabs and the floor slab will be joined.

FIGS. 5A to 5C show respective sectional views according to sectionplane I-I of FIG. 3 in which the different stages of assembling two ofthe outer walls of the system object of the present invention can beseen.

FIG. 6 shows a sectional view according to section plane I-I of FIG. 3,showing a last step of assembling two of the outer walls when they areerect, as well as a detail of the joining of the auxiliary structure tothe outer walls.

FIG. 7 shows a plan view of the floor slab and the four slabscorresponding to the outer walls before they are joined.

FIG. 8 shows an upper plan view of the floor slab on which the roof slabis located before being lifted on it.

FIGS. 9A and 9B show a sectional view according to section plane II-IIof FIG. 8, showing the respective steps of the process for lifting theroof slab with respect to the floor slab and the outer wall slabs.

DESCRIPTION OF AN EMBODIMENT OF THE INVENTION

FIG. 3 shows a plan view of a first step of the building process usingthe system object of the present invention. Specifically a baseplate (1)is observed which forms the floor of the dwelling and is formed by aprefabricated concrete slab, on which two of the outer walls (2-2′) arearranged, said outer walls (2-2′) are also prefabricated concrete slabsand each of them has two gaps (3-4) and (3′-4′) respectively for thewindows, although it could have any number of windows such as a singlewindow for example.

The mentioned gaps (3-4) and (3′-4′) have been shaped at the same timeas the slab itself is shaped by molding by means of mass concrete.

Inside the gaps left by the windows and anchored to the baseplate (1),there are arranged respective lifting means (5-6) and (5′-6′) consistingparticularly of hydraulic jacks, also being able to be pneumatic jacksor any other similar lifting means.

The windows in turn have anchoring elements, said elements, in thisembodiment of the invention, are corrugated steel rods (7-7′) having acurvature in their central area and which are introduced (inserted) inthe concrete in the stage of shaping the outer wall slabs (2-2′). Thecurved area of said rods (7-7′) defines an anchoring point with thelifting means (5-6) and (5′-6′) and more specifically with the movingpart (8) thereof through a stem (9) perpendicular to said moving part.

The lifting means (5-5′) and (6-6′) will be joined to one another bymeans of respective bars 31, for the purpose of maintaining the relativeposition between them and will in turn be fixed to the floor slab (1),using to that end known means such as screws and rivets. The liftingmeans (5-6) and (5-6′) have the possibility of rotation with respect tothe floor plate (1) thanks to a ball joint (10), said rotation occurringin a plane perpendicular to the floor slab (1) and to the outer wallslabs (2-2′) themselves. Given that the outer wall slab (2) is linkedthe rod (7) which is in turn connected to the moving part (8) of thelifting means and that the lifting means (5-6) remain fixed with respectto the floor slab (1), when said lifting means (5-6) are actuated, themoving elements (8) move with respect to the fixed elements andtherefore the floor slab (1) and the outer wall slab (2) rotate orbetter said, it is lowered with respect to an axis coinciding with oneof the lower edges for the support on the floor slab (1).

This lowering movement can be seen clearly in FIGS. 5A-5C. The rod (7)will logically be able to rotate with respect to the stem (9) to thus beable to convert the linear movement of the lifting element (5-6) into alowering movement of the outer wall slab (2).

The process for lifting is prolonged until it is achieved that the outerwall slab (2) is completely erect and therefore perpendicular to thefloor slab (1).

Both outer wall slabs (2-2′) are lifted in one and the same operation,the two standing walls being located in a parallel manner. An auxiliarysupport structure (11) which is introduced through the gaps (3-3′) or(4-4′) corresponding to opposing windows corresponding to each of theouter wall slabs (2-2′) is used to prevent said outer wall slabs (2-2′)from falling due to their own weight.

Said support structure (11) is formed by at least two parallel bars (30)joined to one another by a plurality of bars which are inclined withrespect to them, determining a spatial structure. Joining means for thejoining to the windows are arranged on the free ends of each of saidbars (30), specifically each of the bars will be joined to one of thelateral sides of the gaps of the windows. The mentioned joining meanscomprise two clamps (13-14), one of which (14) is located on the innerface of the wall slab and the other of which (13) is located on theouter face thereof, as can be seen in the detail of FIG. 6, respectivethreaded bushings (15) being located after said clamps, which bushingswill have the possibility of being threaded on threaded sections made ineach of the bars (30). In a preferred embodiment of the invention, themechanisms that are currently used to place and lift scaffolds, whichwill be welded to the ends of the bars (30), leaving enough spacebetween them greater than the thickness of the slabs forming the outerwalls (2-2′), will be used.

As a result of the structure (11) and its due fixing to the outer wallslabs (2-2′), it is achieved that the stability of the assembly isgreater and that said slabs do not fall to the ground due to their ownweight.

The same process is carried out with the slabs corresponding to theother two outer walls (16-16′) of the building which are perpendicularto the slabs (2-2′), i.e. they are located horizontally on the floorslab (1), lifting means (5-6) and (5′-6′) being used, being able to usethe same elements for the outer wall slabs (2-2′) or other independentelements and a similar support structure (11), thus stowing the fourouter wall slabs (2-2′) and (16-16′) of the building to subsequentlyjoin them to one another, as can be seen in FIG. 6.

The slabs of the four outer walls (2-2′) and (16-16′) are joinedperpendicular to one another by means of corrugated rod pins (17) withbent ends integrated in the slabs themselves during the process ofprefabricating such slabs, such pins (17) correspond to the ends of themat reinforcement which are included inside the slabs during the “insitu” molding thereof.

The slabs of the four outer walls (2-2′) and (16-16′) are joined usingrespective metal reinforcing bars (18-19) for each of the edges of thebuilding. Specifically, two metal reinforcing bars in the form of anangle bracket will be used, one of them (18) being located on the innerface of the mentioned slabs and the other one (19) being located on theouter face and being fixed to one another and to the corresponding slabto subsequently pour the mass concrete in the gap existing betweencontiguous slabs and thus join slabs of the four outer walls (2-2′) and(16-16′) in a safe and long-lasting manner.

The walls of the house are thus lifted, only the roof remains to belifted, which is lifted as follows.

FIG. 8 shows how the roof slab (20) is located on the floor slab (1) inthe gap left by the four outer wall slabs (2-2′) and (16-16′) once theyhave been joined. The roof slab (20) has at least four openings (21),circular in this case, to allow the passage of respective lifting means(5-6) and (5′-6′). Each of the openings (21) has engaging means similarto those used in the case of the outer wall slabs, which means consistof bent rods (22) introduced in the roof slab (20) itself during theprocess for molding such slabs, which rods define a connection pointwith the lifting means (5-6) and (5′-6′) such that when the moving partof the four lifting means is lifted at the same time, the roof slab (20)is in turn lifted parallel to the floor slab (1) until reaching a heightapproximately equal to the height of the outer walls. On this occasion,the lifting means (5-6) and (5′-6′) will be fixed to the floor slab (1)such that its rotation with respect to said slab is not possible, usinga bushing fixed the floor slab (1) or a similar element which can retainthe fixed part of the lifting means (5-6) and (5′-6′) without itrotating.

The roof slab (20) in turn has a plurality of pins (23) by way of a hookmade of corrugated steel, integrated in the slab in the molding processusing a mat reinforcement, with the particularity that said pins (23)are bent at the time of placing the roof slab (20) on the floor slab (1)so that said roof slab (20) and its corresponding pins (23) fit in thegap between the outer wall slabs. Once the roof slab (20) has beenlifted, the mentioned pins (23) are straightened, extending beyond theupper edge of the outer wall slabs (2-2′) and (16-16′).

As can be seen in FIG. 9A, the upper edge of the outer wall slabs (2-2′)and (16-16′) and the roof slab (20) are joined due to the mentioned pins(23) and the pins (24) of the slabs forming said outer walls, with theaid of respective metal reinforcing bars that are normally formed as asheet, one of which (25) is angular and located on the inner face ofboth the roof slab (20) and of the corresponding outer wall slabs and acaisson (26) or outer mold which is fixed to the outer face of the outerwall slabs, there being defined a space on which the mass concrete willbe poured to join the mentioned slabs.

FIG. 4 shows a variant of that shown in FIG. 3, in which the floor slab(1) has mortises (27) for introducing the lower pins of the outer wallslabs (2-2′) once they have been lowered and completely erected.

The windows at their upper part can have moldings coupled thereto(FIG. 1) with a staggered configuration to make the architecturalassembly of the dwelling more aesthetic, such moldings can beindependent for each side of the frame of the window or can beone-piece, being coupled directly to the frame of the mentioned window.

The mentioned caisson (26) used to join the roof slab (20) with theouter wall slabs (2-2′) and (16-16′) can have a wavy configuration,being able to define a staggering with a wavy profile, as can be seen inFIG. 1, to imitate the appearance that a conventional roof formed fromtiles would have and thus make the building more aesthetic.

FIG. 2 in turn schematically shows an example of the inner distributionof a building constructed by means of the method object of the presentinvention, said building having a rectangular prismatic base and inwhich a series of rooms (40-46) can be seen and in which a plurality ofsupport columns (35) arranged at specific points of the building suchthat they can support the weight of the roof slab (20) is especiallyshown. Such columns will be placed immediately before removing thelifting means (5-6) and (5′-6′) when the roof slab (20) has beencompletely lifted and it has been joined with the outer wall slabs(2-2′) and (16-16′). The mentioned columns will be securely joined toboth the floor slab (1) and the roof slab (20) using known joiningmeans.

1. A system for constructing a semi-prefabricated building which isformed by a plurality of slabs corresponding to the outer walls, floorand roof of the dwelling, the outer wall slabs and having a plurality ofgaps and corresponding to the windows and doors, comprising two of theouter wall slabs being located parallel to one another in a horizontalposition on the floor slab, one of the sides of each wall being alignedrespectively with one of the parallel edges of the floor slab, liftingmeans and being fixed on the floor slab, which means have a fixed partand another moving part with respect to said slab, being locatedrespectively in the gaps and of the windows of the outer wall slabs andthe moving part of said lifting means remaining joined to anchoringelements located in the mentioned gaps and fixed to the slabs, the outerwall slabs being lifted due to the lowering thereof with respect totheir lower edge until said slabs are located in a vertical position anda support structure being subsequently placed on the gaps of the windowsopposing one another of each of the outer wall slabs, which supportstructure is in turn fixed to both slabs by means of fixing elements,repeating the described operations for the case of the other two outerwalls and joining the slabs of the four outer walls and to one another,and in that the roof slab is located in the gap delimited by the fourouter walls and supported in the floor slab, which floor slab has aplurality of openings located in coincidence with the position of thelifting means and used in the previous steps, the moving part of saidlifting means and being joined to anchoring elements located in thementioned openings, the roof slab being lifted to a height above theheight of the outer wall slabs and, the roof slab being joined to theupper edge of the slabs of the four outer walls.
 2. A system accordingto claim 1, wherein each of the outer wall slabs and has at least onegap for the windows.
 3. A system according to claim 1, wherein thelifting means and comprise hydraulic jacks, at least one of saidhydraulic jacks being located in at least two of the gaps of the windowsof the outer wall slabs.
 4. A system according to claim 1, wherein atleast two metal reinforcing bars in the form of angle bracket are usedto join the outer wall slabs and, one of such bars being located on theinner face of the mentioned slabs and the other bar being located on theouter face, and being fixed to one another and to the correspondingslab, subsequently pouring the mass concrete.
 5. A system according toclaim 1, wherein the outer wall slabs and the roof slab have a pluralityof pins and respectively perpendicular to the edges of said slabs, saidpins having curved ends.
 6. A system according to claim 5, wherein thepins corresponding to the roof slab are initially bent and when the roofslab is lifted above the upper edge of the outer wall slabs and, saidrods are straightened.
 7. A system according to claim 1, wherein theanchoring elements, located in the gaps of the windows of the outer wallslabs and connected to the moving part of the lifting means and,comprise at least one rod having a curved central portion for itsseating on said moving part and the ends of which are joined to theouter wall slab and in the stage of molding it.
 8. A system according toclaim 1, wherein the support structure is formed by two parallel bars,the fixing elements for fixing the support structure to the outer wallslabs and being located on each of such bars, said joining meanscomprising two clamps, one of which is located on the inner face of thewall slab and the other of which is located on the outer face thereof,respective threaded bushings being located after said clamps, whichbushings will have the possibility of being threaded on threadedsections made in each of the bars.
 9. A system according to claim 1,wherein the reinforcing bars used to join the roof slab with the outerwall slabs and comprise an inner angle bracket and an outer moldprovided on each of its faces with a wavy surface defining a projectionin the cornice of said roof slab after it is joined to the mentionedouter wall slabs and by means of mass concrete.